TAMILNADU ENGINEERING ADMISSIONS 2013 APPLY BY ONLINE

TAMILNADU ENGINEERING ADMISSIONS 2013   APPLY BY ONLINE

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TAMILNADU ENGINEERING ADMISSIONS 2013

          TAMILNADU ENGINEERING
                     ADMISSIONS 2013

INFORMATION AND INSTRUCTIONS TO

CANDIDATES

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Tamil Nadu Engg Admissions : Apply Now

     Tamil Nadu Engg Admissions :                                  Apply Now

Applications have been invited for the unified single window admission for first year B. E. / B. Tech. Degree Courses to the University Departments / University Colleges, Government and Government Aided Engineering Colleges and for the seats surrendered by the Self – Financing Engineering Colleges in Tamil Nadu.

1. In Person : Candidates can obtain the application form in person from the centres detailed below by paying 500/-( 250/for SC/SCA/ST candidates belonging to Tamil Nadu, on production of a photocopy of the Permanent Community Card) towards application fee, by cash/demand draft.

2. By Post : Application forms can also be obtained by post from The Secretary, Tamil Nadu Engineering Admissions (TNEA), Anna University, Chennai – 600 025 by sending a requisition letter along with a Demand Draft for 700/-(` 450/-for SC/SCA/ST candidates belonging to Tamilnadu with a photocopy of the Permanent Community Card) and an address label written in capital letters to which the application form is to be mailed.

3. Through Website : The candidates can also register through internet by logging on towww.annauniv.edu/tnea2013. The procedure for registration is available in the website.

4. All Demand Drafts should be drawn in favour of “The Secretary, Tamil Nadu Engineering Admissions” payable at Chennai, drawn on any Nationalised Bank dated on or after 03.05.2013. Candidates are instructed to write the name and address on the reverse side of the Demand Draft.
5. For further details, visit Anna University, Chennai website www.annauniv.edu/tnea2013Telephone No. 044 – 2235 8265, 2235 8266, 2235 8267.

Issue Dates and Timings : From 04.05.2013 to 20.05.2013 9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. (including Sundays) Last date for Submission of filled-in applications to “The Secretary, Tamil Nadu Engineering Admissions, Anna University, Chennai – 600 025”. 20.05.2013 (5.30 p.m.)

JOIN NOW :Online teachers association

             Online teachers association

Online teachers association is Global organisation for developing online teaching 

The online teachers association is an organization of teachers from all over the world . through this organization teachers can teach their students online. We will give students to teach you if you are interested and we will provide teaching materials and also we will give you some free course of some Software it will develop your online teaching skills .so we are inviting you to join this organization by registeringhttp://keralaonlinemaster.blogspot.in/p/online-teachers-association_13.html in this web site

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PhD (Psychology) at Calcutta Uty

Applications are invited by Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta (Rajabazar Science College, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata – 700009) for admission to PhD course and subsequent research work for obtaining the PhD degree in Psychology. 

Candidates who wish to pursue research work in the Department should apply in the prescribed application form (obtainable from the Department of Psychology) by paying Rs. 100.00 through a challan (obtainable from Cash Counter in Raja bazaar Science College Campus and College Street Campus). 

Duly filled application form must reach the office of the Head of the Department within 17^th May, 2013.

The eligible candidates will have to appear in a written examination of 2 hours, to be held in the Department on the 4th June, 2013 (11.00 am to 1.00 pm). The syllabus of this examination is the UGC NET (Paper II and III) on Psychology and existing syllabus of MA / MSc in Psychology, University of Calcutta. The results of the written test will be published on 5th June, 2013 (After 1.00 pm). The successful candidates will be called for an interview on 6th June, 2013 (After 12 o’clock). The candidates selected on the basis of interview will be considered as Probationary PhD student of this department.

At present nine (9) students will be taken. Those candidates who have already passed UGC (JRF) examination / NET / SET / SLET / Teacher Fellowship or equivalent examinations or passed the MPhil in Psychology or equivalent examinations need not appear for the written examination. Such candidates can directly appear for the interview but they need to submit their application forms for admission within stipulated date i.e.17^th May, 2013.

MPhil / PhD / Exe. PGD at TISS

MPhil / PhD / Exe. PGD at TISS

 Applications have been invited for admission to the following programmes at TISS Hyderabad for the year 2013-14.

• Integrated MPhil & PhD in Women's Studies and Education
• Direct PhD in Women's Studies and Social Sciences
• Executive PG Diploma in Human Resources Management

Eligibility Criteria:
For Integrated MPhil and PhD Programmes:
The minimum academic qualification for admission to the MPhil programme is a Second Class Master’s or equivalent degree in the relevant subject awarded by a recognised university in India or abroad, with at least an average of 55 per cent of aggregate marks, or a grade point average of 3.5 under the seven-point grade system of the University Grants Commission (UGC), India. In the case of Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) candidates, the minimum eligibility is an average of 50 per cent of aggregate marks, or a grade point average of 3.05.

For Direct PhD Programmes:
Those who have an MPhil or equivalent degree awarded by a recognised university in India or abroad;

For Exe. PG Diploma:
Candidate should have a Bachelor's Degree (Mandatory requirements - 15years formal education), in any discipline of a recognized University, with 50% of marks (40% for Scheduled Castes [SCs], Scheduled Tribes[STs] and OBS.
Or a Post Graduate degree (Mandatory requirements - 15years formal education), in any discipline and at least three years of work experience after graduation in managerial or supervisory category, preferably in personal / administration department.
Age under 40 years as on June 1, 2013. However, in special cases, this limit may be relaxed.

Application Fee:
Cash Deposit in any SBI Branch using the prescribed challan: Rs. 1,000 + Bank Charges.
The DD has to be drawn in favour of Tata Institute of Social Sciences, payable at Hyderabad.

Application Submission:
MPhil & PhD:
Candidates can download the hardcopies of the application form from the link:
http://www.campus.tiss.edu/sites/all/themes/tiss_liquid/images/online-test-docs/MPhil%20&%20PhD%20Application%20Form%20-%2022April.pdf
Fill it and submit to TISS. Submission of a research proposal is a compulsory requirement for admission to the Direct PhD Programme. A research proposal consisting of approximately 1,000 words should accompany the application form keeping in mind the following points:

• Specification of the broad field of study:
• Introduction to the specific problem of interest (Current issues, importance and rationale for the study)
• Research / Work experience in that area, if you have any.
• Reading that you have done in this area of interest.
• Objectives, methods and scope of the proposed study.

Applicants of Integrated MPhil and PhD Programmes should refer to the application form for details regarding submission of a mandatory document: ‘Purpose of Study’.

Exe. PG Diploma:
Applications can be downloaded from the link:
http://www.campus.tiss.edu/sites/all/themes/tiss_liquid/images/EPDHRM_Application_Form.pdf
The Application form along with DD should be posted to Regional Manager, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 2 nd floor S.R Sankaran block, AMR-APARD, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad-500030.

VIT Master’s Entrance Examination

VIT Master’s Entrance Examination



Kochi, April 28, 2013: VIT University, Vellore has invited applications for admission to the following PG courses of Academic Year 2013-14 through VIT Master’s Entrance Examination scheduled to be conducted on 8th and 9th June, 2013.

• Master of Computer Applications [MCA]
• Master of Technology [MTech]

Eligibility
Nationality
The applicant for admission should be a Resident Indian National and should have graduated from Institutions located in India.

Eligibility Criteria - MCA

• Candidates should have graduated with a full‐time degree from any recognized University with a minimum aggregate of 60% for MCA and 50% for MTech degree programmes.
• Consistent Record in X Std. and XII Std. is required.
• Candidates appearing for their final degree exam / final semester exam in the current year are also eligible to apply.
• Candidates should have completed their final Semester/year exams before the selection interview at VIT University.
• It is compulsory for candidates selected to produce their final year marks’ statement and Provisional degree certificate before August 15th, 2013, failing which, their admission will stand cancelled.

Eligibility Criteria - MTech
Automotive Engineering Run in collaboration with Automotive Research Association of India, (ARAI), Pune:
BE / BTech Degree in Mechanical / Automobile / Production / Manufacturing Engineering or Mechatronics or any equivalent degree

Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing:
BE / BTech Degree in Mechanical / Automobile or Production Engineering or any equivalent degree

Energy and Environmental Engineering:
BE / BTech Degree in any branch of Engineerng & Technology / Biotechnology / Biochemical / MSc Environmental Science / Physics / Chemistry / Applied Sciences or any equivalent degree with Mathematics as one of the subjects in Higher Secondary level

Mechatronics:
BE / BTech Degree in Mechanical / Automobile or Production Electrical & Electronics / Electronics & Communication / Electronics & Instrumentation / Instrumentation & Control / Computer Science / Information  Technology / Mechatronics or any equivalent degree

Manufacturing Engineering:
BE / BTech Degree in Mechanical / Production / Manufacturing / Automobile Engineering or any equivalent degree

Structural Engineering:
BE / BTech Degree in Civil Engineering / Civil & Structural Engineering or any equivalent degree

Information Technology (Networking) / Software Technology:
BE / BTech Degree in any branch / MS / MSc Computer Science or Information Technology or Software Engineering / MCA or any other equivalent degree with valid GATE score in Computer Science

Nanotechnology:
BE / BTech Degree in ECE / EEE / E&I / MSc Physics with Spl. In Electronics / Material Science / Solid State Physics / BTech Nanotechnology / MSc Nanotechnology / or any equivalent degree

Communication Engineering:
BE / BTech Degree in Electrical / Electronics / EEE / ECE / Telecommunication, E&I / Computer Sciences* (* Bridge course needed) MSc Physics with Electronics spl. / Electronics or any equivalent degree

Sensor System Technology:
BE / BTech Degree in EEE / ECE / E&I / CSE / Instrumentation & Control / MSc Physics with Electronics / Electronics or any equivalent degree

VLSI Design (Very Large Scale Integrated Design):
BE / BTech Degree in Electrical / Electronics / EEE / ECE / E&I / MSc Physics with Electronics / Electronics or any equivalent degree

Automotive Electronics in collaboration with TIFAC‐CORE industry partners:
BE / BTech Degree in ECE / Telecommunication / CSE / EIE / IT / EEE / Mechatronics or any equivalent degree

Power Electronics and Drives:
BE / BTech Degree in Electrical / Electronics / EEE / ECE / E&I or any equivalent degree

Computer Science and Engineering:
BE / BTech Degree in any branch / MS / MSc Computer Science or IT or Software Engineering / MCA or any other equivalent degree with valid GATE score in Computer Science

Biotechnology:
BE / BTech Degree in Chemical/Leather Technology / Biotechnology / Industrial Biotechnology / Bio-chemical / Bio-Medical / Bio-Informatics or a Bachelor’s Degree in Pharmacy or MSc Degree in Biochemistry / Biotechnology / Microbiology / Bio‐Physics / Biology / Botany / Zoology / Genetics / MBBS / MSc (Ag) & MVSc.

Biomedical Engineering:
BE / BTech Degree in Bio‐Medical Engg / Bio-Medical Instrumentation / Medical Electronics / ECE / EIE / Biotechnology / Bio-Informatics / MSc in Biophysics / Electronics / Physics / Bio-Medical Sciences / Bioinformatics or MBBS / Degree in Physiotherapy / Occupational therapy of 4 years degree programme.

Admission Procedure

• Admission to both MCA and MTech programmes will be based on the Candidates performance in VITMEE conducted by VIT University. VITMEE will be conducted on both 8th and 9th June, 2013, between 10am to 12 noon and 2.30 pm to 4.30 pm on both the days.
• The names of short-listed candidates selected to attend an interview will be published in our website: www.vit.ac.in
• Candidates selected to attend the interview will be informed of the date and time through the website and also through SMS if mobile number is provided.
• Candidates selected would have to pay a deposit of Rs.10,000 towards counselling fee. Counselling fee is Non‐Refundable, but it will be adjusted in the tuition fees once the candidate joins the university.
• This amount should be paid by way of a Demand Draft drawn in favour of 'VIT University', payable at Vellore (only computerised DD alone will be accepted).

Application Forms
Candidates can apply through online at Candidates can apply through online at
www.vit.ac.in/vitmee

Test Centres:
Bangalore, Bhopal, Chennai, Chandigarh, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kochi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Madurai, Nagpur, New Delhi, Patna, Pune, Vellore, Vijayawada

Important Dates:
Last Date for Apply of Online Application form: 15th May 2013
Last Date for Receipt of Application form: 18th May 2013
VIT Masters Entrance Examination: 8th & 9th June 2013
Declaration of Result (Tentative): On or before 14th June 2013
Interview / Counselling (will be held at Vellore & Chennai)   

• MCA: 24th June 2013
• MTech Automotive Engineering: 24th June 2013
• Other MTech Programmes: 25th & 26th June 2013

For details, visit the links:
https://academics.vit.ac.in/online_application/vitmee2013/VITMEE-2013_Brochure.pdf

Half of faculty vacant in IITs and NITs

Half of faculty vacant in IITs and NITs

New Delhi, April 28,2013: Approximately 42 pc faculty positions in the IITs and almost half in NITs are vacant, respectively. There are 16 IITs and 30 NITs in the country at present. To mitigate current shortages, these institutes are engaging faculty on contract and visiting faculty. The main reason for these shortages, is that while the minimum qualification for faculty recruitment in these institutes is a Ph.D, many of the students after completion of their B.Tech/ M.Tech programmes, get placements in companies/ corporations and do not opt for the teaching profession. This was stated by MoS HRD Dr. Shashi Tharoor.

The IITs plan suitable strategies to attract and retain quality faculty members. To achieve this, IITs will do year-round open advertisements, holding of selection committee meetings through video conferencing, invitation to alumni, scientists, faculty from India and abroad to reach out to potential candidates, advertisements in international journals to attract the attention of professionals abroad, and introducing young faculty award, etc.

Further, Government has decided to allow faculty working under the Central Government or Central Autonomous Bodies, to join the newly set up Central Education Institutes on long-term deputation, for a period of 10-years. The institutes are also free to appoint Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) to permanent faculty position, the minister added.

'Teachers' training has almost collapsed'

'Teachers' training has almost collapsed'

 

New Delhi, April 28,2013: A shortage of nearly a million teachers is affecting implementation of the Right to Education Act in India. Compounding this is the lack of government-run training institutes which forces aspirants to go to private insitutions, with the result that just a fraction manage to clear the eligibility test.

The Right to Education Act lays down strict guidelines on the student-teacher ratio, as well as on training, according to which the Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) should be 30:1 in primary classes and 35:1 in upper primary classes.

According to a District Information System for Education (DISE) report, in 2011-12 only 34.12 percent of primary school teachers were graduates, while a meagre 17.05 percent teachers were post-graduates. National convener of RTE Forum Ambarish Rai said the problem is that there are no proper institutions for training teachers.

"There is a huge shortage of teachers, and the RTE mandates appointing trained teachers to fill the gap by 2015. However, the question is: Where will these teachers be trained," Rai asked while speaking to IANS.

"Teachers' training has almost collapsed. Today, teachers' training is being provided by private companies, but the teachers trained by them are not even able to clear the teachers qualification exam," he said.

In 2012, more than 99 percent of those who appeared for the Central Teacher Eligibility Test (CTET) failed the exam. The competency test, conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), was taken by 795,000 aspirants last year.

Training of teachers is the mandate of The National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) formed in 1995. But the council could not perform any impressive task in imparting teachers' training, says Delhi University Department of Education professor Krishan Kumar.

"Teachers' training has become an ill sector. The training institutes are in ICU, it is like a situation of helplessness," Krishan Kumar told IANS. He said the status of a teacher has been degraded with many north Indian states hiring ill-trained teachers on contract, as adhoc or "para-teachers".

"In the entire Hindi belt, there is a new phenomena of hiring para-teachers. There is a massive movement going on with teachers across states agitating and protesting on issues like regularisation of jobs and better salaries, but it is not being highlighted by the media. North India has forgotten its teachers," Krishna Kumar said.

The appointment of lower-paid contract teachers is leading to attrition of talent from the field, he added. A sample survey by NGO Right to Education Forum revealed that para-teachers now constitute a major chunk in many states.

In Bihar, 50 percent of schools have para-teachers, in Andhra Pradesh the figure is 44 percent and in Jharkhand it is 37 percent. Karnataka (28 percent), Uttar Pradesh (23 percent) and West Bengal (21 percent) also have a large number of para-teachers.

The study also says that one out of 10 teachers are sub-contract or proxy teachers who come in place of government-appointed teachers by bypassing the selection process and with no vetting of their qualifications.

These proxy teachers constitute a substantial chunk in Himachal Pradesh (15 percent), Jharkhand (12 percent), Manipur (9.4 percent), Tamil Nadu (9.6 percent), Karnataka (7.6 percent) and Maharashtra (6 percent). Experts say the only way to improve the situation is through restructuring the training of teachers.

"There is need to regulate and evolve a methodology for teachers' training," said Rai. He said that recruitment was the second major issue dogging implementation of the RTE as a large chunk of teachers were on contract, while the RTE mandates appointing permanent teachers.

"We have disrespected the teachers' profession. If we start making teachers count the population for the census and work for elections, we are degrading their status. Their dignity is challenged," Rai added.

 

DR APJ ABDUL KALAM

TO GO TO DR APJ ABDUL KALAM WEB SITE

abdulkalam Address and Interaction with the Students of Jamia Markaz Institutions

Address and Interaction with the Students of Jamia Markaz Institutions 

Questioning mind is the nutrient for blossoming of science Imagination leads to creativity Creativity blossoms thinking Thinking provides knowledge Knowledge results innovation Innovation makes the nation great I am delighted to address and interact with the teachers and science students of various colleges of Jamia Markaz. I am happy that Markaz has built a reputation for its contribution of providing modern education combined with Islamic teachings. My greetings to all of you. I am very happy to be in the midst of science students. Science has grown and blossomed and will blossom, what is the nutrient for the growth of science? It is only question and question till you get an answer, experimentally or theoretically or both. I would like to talk on the topic "Questioning mind is the nutrient for blossoming of science".

My experience in the environment of question and questions I recall in the year 1970s, one side I had to work with Dr. P.D. Bhavsar, with his sodium payload (my team was building sodium payload) with his counterpart in France Prof. Blamont. The same rocket launch would have Langmuir probe of Dr. Sathya Prakash with his NASA counterpart. I still remember, many successes came in getting the data from 60 to 200 km on the atmospheric structure using sodium payload, also the Langmuir probe. Another important experiment the magnetometer of Dr. Sastry with his research students. Dr. Sastry put, so many restrictions on the flight because of the magnetometer - payload. It was a challenging task to work with Prof. Sastry. Then comes my work with Prof. Pokunkov, Meteorological Centre of Moscow. What a delicate instrument he used? It was a beautiful thing to see Prof. Pokunkov?s payload (radio frequency mass spectrometer). It was not only the science of measuring the atmospheric constituents, but the payload looked beautiful also. Somehow I started liking Pokunkov. We used to work for him many days and nights. He used to bring sandwiches and a flask full of tea. He was feeding us throughout the night. In those formative days it was helpful. Then comes my hero, Prof. UR Rao, with his counterpart Prof. Oda who gave me the toughest problem which I came across in building the payload. I don?t know, why his proportional counter in x-ray payload should be so delicate such that no shock should be experienced except earth's "g" when the nosecone jettisoned at 60 kms. All the sounding rockets would spin. When the rocket spins, naturally the part of the jettisoned nosecone will hit the experiencing a shock of in 6 "g" for few milliseconds. Now I had to devise a unique fiber glass rim as a shock guard. We allowed the split nosecone to hit on the ring thereby absorbing the shock. When the x-ray data was received from specified stars, he treated our team beautifully with a good dinner. All these scientists belonging to different disciplines, we could solved only through the questioning minds of our scientists and engineers and the patience of the responding scientists.

Above all, this experience with Prof. Vikram Sarabhai and his expert?s scientists really gave me to work with the greatest university with men of scientific eminence nationally and internationally with a scientific way of working. It was working, intellectual working, scientific and technological working, and above all when the failure occurred, defeating the failure and succeeding were the greatest lessons learnt from Prof. Sarabhai?s leadership.

Moon as a laboratory Friends, I have always liked to sit in a class. Always when I visit schools and colleges in India and abroad, I would like to see, how teacher teaches and students interact. Recently, I was in Andhra Pradesh, in a one teacher school class room upto Vth class. I was with the students in the evening at 7 pm. in the outdoor class with full moon shining. Later, I realize that the outdoor class had a purpose as visualized by the teacher. The teacher was teaching, how children can be always happy? Dear children you see the full moon, the beautiful scene in the sky which brings smiles and cheers. Remember, you smile the family also smiles. How many of you keep your parents happy. The whole class lifted their hands, they said, they will do it. I also lifted my hands with the Vth class students. Then the surprise came. The teacher said, moon is the natural satellite of planet earth. She asked, dear children, can anyone of you tell me "what is the name of the artificial satellite ? our ISRO has launched around the earth?" Only one boy responded that ISRO launched Rohini satellite. Then teacher convert the class with moon as a laboratory. She had a cloth black board. She already drawn first day of the moon, after new moon, how it looks. Second day ? third day - ---- today is the fifteenth day, that is why you are seeing the full moon radiating beautiful light. She asked, moon gets light from where? There was no reply at all. The teacher herself answered that the moon gets the light from the sun. One teacher class I enjoyed, particularly I was astonished with the foresight of the teacher in organizing the class on full moon day and she converting the moon as the laboratory for teaching.

Our planetary system Another experience, during my visit to UAE, I inaugurated an Indian school named JSS International School, Dubai. When the preparation was going on for the inaugural function, I was moving from place to place in the school, particularly I visited class rooms where number of students from Class V and Class VI were being taught by a teacher. As soon as the teacher saw me, she asked me to take the class. I went to the black board and I started interacting with the students instead of loading them with the lessons. I asked the children, our sun (star) has how many planets? Many hands went up. One girl said, there are nine planets and some students said, there are eight planets. I said, the right answer is eight planets, since the ninth planet Pluto has been removed from the list of planets, because it does not meet the criteria of a planet, in size, weight and orbital motion. I asked one student, tell me which is our planet. There was a chorus answer "Earth". Who will talk about the earth? One VIth class student got up and said, our earth rotates on its own axis. Many students said, it takes 24 hours for one orbit that?s how we get day and night. I was very pleased with the knowledge of the young on the solar system. Then I asked the class, what does the earth do, there was pin drop silence. Again a Vth class student said, earth orbits around the sun. How much time it takes to complete the one orbit? Many hands went up, they said 365 days. Our Sun belongs to which Galaxy? Only one boy responded, Milky Way. How much time our Sun takes for one orbit of our Galaxy? No response. Of course, it is difficult. I gave the answer 200 million years. Children had a great surprise. I said; our galaxy milky-way has millions of stars, some of them with their planets. So the sun goes in a huge elliptical orbit which takes more than 200 million years. I was impressed with the class and greeted them and left. I am sure that the students of Jamia Markaz Institutions are having such educational environment for building their self-esteem and self-confidence. Now let me talk to you friends, the story of inventions inventors, discoveries and discoverers which will inspire you to become great inventor and discoverer.

Inventors and Inventions Let us study important inventors and their inventions. a. The Wright brothers and the plane. b. George Eastman and film c. Thomas Edison and the light bulb d. Alexandra Graham bell and the telephone.

Discoverers and Discoveries Let us study a few Discoverers and their discoveries. a. Albert Einstein and the energy equation E=MC2 b. Srinivas Ramanujan and number theory c. Chandrasekhar Subramaniyam and Chandrasekhar Limit d. Sir CV Raman and Raman Effect

What is the unique nature of thinking minds of discoverers and inventors of the world. Inventions and discoveries have emanated from creative minds that have been constantly working and imaging the outcome in the mind. With imaging and constant effort, all the forces of the universe work for that inspired mind, thereby leading to inventions or discoveries. I am sure, the education system in Jamia Markaz institutions are providing challenging environment to the students for nurturing creativity and innovation. Friends, now I am going to narrate some incidents that took place in the life of the scientists who discovered the energy equation, Raman Effect, gave new meaning to the number theory and gene targeting.

Inspire the young minds In Albert Einstein life, we find that his interest in science started early, beginning with his encounter at the age of nine with magnetism, which he called "the first miracle". He was given a compass by his father and Einstein was endlessly fascinated by the fact that invisible forces could make object move. This experience made a lasting impression on him. His interest in compasses was reinforced when he found a caring mentor to hone his ideas. At the age of 12, he experienced second wonder in a little book given by his mentor Max Talmud with Euclidean plain Geometry which he called "Holy Geometry Book". Einstein called this his "second miracle". Here Einstein made contact with the realm of pure thought. Without expensive laboratories or equipment, he could explore universal truth, limited only by the power of human mind. Mathematics became an endless source of pleasure to Einstein especially if intriguing puzzle and mysteries were involved. Let us now discuss the birth of Raman Effect.

Questioning mind Born in Tiruchirapalli on November 7, 1888 Raman was a bright student right from the start. Apart from being fascinated by optical science, he was also deeply interested in acoustics. That perhaps tempted him to discover that the mridangam and tabla produced more melodious sounds than any other percussion instrument. He was fascinated by colourful things, be it a flower, butterfly or gem.

The ship sailed from the port of London towards Calcutta. On board was young man who had delivered lecture a lecture on the acoustics of violin, in London. He was now on the ship?s deck gazing at the blue waters of the ocean. As he glanced up at the blue sky, a series of questions popped up in his mind. "Why are both the sea and the sky blue in colour? What is the science behind this occurrence? His mind revealed him the reason could be scattering of light by water molecules. His instinct told him the reason could be the prove it scientifically to be accepted by others.

When the ship anchored at Calcutta, the young man immediately went on to conduct experiments to prove his theory. His research in optics, the science of light, resulted in the discovery of the Raman Effect. He announced it to the scientific world on March 16, 1928. The discovery won him the Nobel Prize for physics in 1930. It was the first time that this prize was awarded to an Asian! Even before this, his contribution to the science of optics had been acknowledged and he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1924. You would have learnt about the 'Raman Effect' in detail at school. But do you know the discovery subsequently helped in determining the internal structures of some 2,000 chemical compounds? Can you guess, what was the cost of the equipment that Raman used to prove his theory? A meager two hundred rupees! The day he discovered the Raman Effect, February 28, has been declared the National Science Day.

Raman strongly felt that scientists should not be confined to laboratories in an effort to solve scientific problems. They should search around themselves and find those answers in accordance with nature. For, the essence of science was independent thinking and hard work and not equipment. How true! Though the oceans and the sky have always been blue in colour, it needed a questioning mind with a scientific outlook to find the reason behind it!

A genius well ahead of time: Failure did not deter him Ramanujan, born and raised in Erode, Tamil Nadu, first encountered formal mathematics at the age of ten. He demonstrated a natural ability at mathematics, and was given books on advanced trigonometry by S. L. Loney. He mastered this book by age thirteen, and even discovered theorems of his own. He demonstrated unusual mathematical skills at school, winning many awards. By the age of seventeen, Ramanujan was conducting his own mathematical research on Bernoulli numbers and the Euler-Mascheroni constant. He received a scholarship to study at Government College in Kumbakonam. He failed his non-mathematical coursework, and lost his scholarship. Srinivasa Ramanujan lived only for 33 years and did not have formal higher education or means of living. Yet, his inexhaustible spirit and love for his subject made him contribute to the treasure houses of mathematical research, particularly in number theory - some of which are still under serious study and engaging all-available world mathematicians? efforts to establish formal proofs. Ramanujan was a unique Indian genius who could melt the heart of the most hardened and outstanding Cambridge mathematician Prof G H Hardy. In fact, it is not an exaggeration to say that it was Prof. Hardy who discovered Ramanujan for the world. Professor Hardy rated various geniuses on a scale of 100. While most of the mathematicians got a rating of around 30 with rare exceptions reaching to 60, Ramanujan got a rating of 100. There cannot be any better tribute to either Ramanujan or to Indian heritage. His works cover vast areas including Prime Numbers, Hyper geometric Series, Modular Functions, Elliptic Functions, Mock Theta Functions, even magic squares, apart from serious side works on geometry of ellipses, squaring the circle etc. One of the tributes to Ramanujan says that, 'every Integer is a personal friend of Ramanujan'. He was elected a Fellow of The Royal ociety (F R S) in 1918.

Ramanujan used to say "An equation means nothing to me unless it expresses a thought of God". For him the understanding of numbers was a process of spiritual revelation and connection. In his investigations into pure mathematics, he drew extraordinary conclusions that mystified his colleagues, but were usually proven, eventually, to be right. He opened a universe of theory that still today is reaping applications. The landscape of the infinite was to Ramanujan a reality of both mathematics and spirit. His love for numbers led Ramanujan to number theory. Despite being affected by chronic health problems, he was breathing Mathematics throughout his short life and his genius was recognized internationally. The year 2012 is being celebrated National Mathematics Year as a tribute to Srinivasa Ramanujan during his 125th year. Let us now discuss the life of a scientist whose passion is gene targeting.

Birth of Creativity in a difficult situation Mario Capecchi had a difficult and challenging childhood. For nearly four years, Capecchi lived with his mother in a chalet in the Italian Alps. When World War II broke out, his mother, along with other Bohemians, was sent to Dachau as a political prisoner. Anticipating her arrest by the Gestapo, she had sold all her possessions and given the money to friends to help raise her son on their farm. In the farm, he had to grow own wheat, harvest; take it to miller to be ground. Then, the money which his mother left for him ran out and at the age of four and half years, he started sometimes living in the streets, sometimes joining gangs of other homeless children, sometimes living in orphanages and most of the time hungry. He spent the last year in the city of Reggio Emelia, hospitalized for malnutrition where his mother found him on his ninth birthday after a year of searching. Within weeks, the Capecchi and his mother sailed to America to join his uncle and aunt.

He started his 3rd grade schooling afresh over there and started his education, interested in sports, studied political science. But he didn?t find interesting and changed into science, became a mathematics graduate in 1961 with a double major in Physics and Chemistry. Although he really liked Physics, its elegance and simplicity, he switched to molecular biology in graduate school, on the advice of James D Watson, who advised him that he should not be bothered about small things, since such pursuits are likely to produce only small answers.

His objective was to do gene targeting. The experiments started in 1980 and by 1984, Capecchi had clear success. Three years later, he applied the technology to mice. In 1989, he developed the first mice with targeted mutations. The technology created by Doctor Capecchi allows researchers to create specific gene mutations anywhere they choose in the genetic code of a mouse. By manipulating gene sequences in this way, researchers are able to mimic human disease conditions on animal subjects. What the research of Mario Capecchi means for human health is nothing short of amazing, his work with mice could lead to cures for Alzheimer?s disease or even Cancer. The innovations in genetics that Mario Capecchi achieved won him the Nobel Prize in 2007. Noble laureate Capecchi life indeed reveals: -  "When you wish upon a star, Makes no difference who you are Anything your heart desires Will come to you". Let me now bring out the main characteristics of the scientist: scientist should never say impossible, because what is impossible today, can become possible tomorrow.

Nothing is impossible? Human flight is nothing but creativity of human mind and it undergoes several struggles to achieve excellence. In 1895, a great well-known scientist Lord Kelvin, who was the President of Royal Society of London said, "anything heavier than air cannot fly, and cannot be flown." With in a decade, Wright Brothers proved man could fly of course at heavy risk and cost. On the successful completion of Moon Mission in 1969, Von Braun, a very famous rocket designer, who built Saturn-V, to launch the capsule with astronauts and made moon walk a reality, in 1975 said "If I am authorized, I will remove the word impossible".

In ancient days, Ptolemaic astronomy is a widely used system in calculating the dynamics of various stars and planets. Assumption by then was that the earth is flat. What a scientific struggle had to take place to prove that the earth is spherical in shape orbiting around the sun. The three great astronomers Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler had to give a new dimension to the world of astronomy. Today we take it for granted that earth is a globe, orbiting around the sun, and the sun orbits in the Milky Way. All the technological advancements we have today are the outcome of scientific exploration of scientists of earlier centuries.

Conclusion Friends, apart from acquiring professional knowledge, all of you have to become a great human being. Keeping that in mind, I would like to talk about Imam Ghazali a saint teacher who lived in the 12th Century. My father narrated to me a scene when Imam Ghazali was tested by Shaitan, the transgressed Angel. One day Imam Ghazali was unfolding his prayer mat for Magrib Namaz. At that time, the Shaitan appeared in front of him and said, "Respected Imam Sahib, I am just now coming from heaven where there was a discussion about great human beings and you have been judged as the best human being living on Earth. As a recognition of your great stature, you have been exempted from the trouble of performing Namaz in future." Imam Ghazali was restless as the Namaz time was approaching. So he looked at Shaitan and said, "Shaitan Sahib, first of all performing Namaz is not a trouble at all and when even Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him), was not exempted from performing Namaz five times a day, how can a poor Imam like me be exempted?. Thank you." He went on to perform the Namaz. When he completed the Namaz, Imam Ghazali still saw Shaitan was standing. Imam Sahib asked him what he was waiting for. Shaitan said, "O Imam you have excelled even the most favoured Prophet Adam, who could not win over my deception and I made him to eat the forbidden fruit." Realizing that Shaitan was flattering, Imam Sahib prayed to Allah, "Oh almighty, help me and save me from the deception of the flattery", thus making the disappointed Shaitan finally disappear. His mission failed. But one of the great human beings succeeded. I am sure that the teachers of Jamia Markaz Institutions are empowering the students with such profound qualities needed for success in all their missions. My greetings and best wishes to all of you for success in all your scientific missions. May God Bless you.

Oath for the science students 1. Science is a life time mission. I will work, work and work and succeed. 2. Wherever I am, a thought will always come to my mind. That is what process or product I can innovate, invent or discover. 3. I will always remember that "Let not my winged days, be spent in vain". 4. I realize I have to set a great scientific goal that will lead me to think high, work and persevere to realize the goal. 5. My greatest friends will be great scientific minds, good teachers and good books. 6. I firmly believe that no problem can defeat me; I will become the captain of the problem, defeat the problem and succeed. 7. I will work and work for removing the problems faced by planet earth in the areas of water, energy, habitat, waste management and environment through the application of science. 8. My National Flag flies in my heart and I will bring glory to my nation.

വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം

അധ്യാപനവും അദ്ധ്യയനവും ചേരുന്നതാണ് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം. ഒരു തലമുറയിൽ നിന്ന് അടുത്ത തലമുറയിലേക്ക്സംസ്കാരം പകർന്നു നൽകപ്പെടുന്നത് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിലൂടെയാണ്.

പ്രാഥമിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം

പ്രാഥമികവിദ്യാഭ്യാസം (Primary Education) എന്നത് ഔപചാരിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിന്റെ ആദ്യ വർഷങ്ങളാണ്.ബാല്യകാലത്ത് നേടുന്ന വിദ്യാഭ്യാസമാണിത്. മിക്ക രാജ്യങ്ങളിലും പ്രാഥമിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം നിർബന്ധിതമാക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നു. ഒരു കുട്ടിയുടെ നാലാം വയസ്സിലോ അഞ്ചാം വയസ്സിലോ ആണ് പ്രാഥമിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം ആരംഭിക്കുന്നത്. ഏകദേശം പതിനൊന്നാം വയസ്സ് അല്ലെങ്കിൽ പന്ത്രണ്ടാം വയസ്സ് വരെയാണ് പ്രാഥമിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ കാലം.

ദ്വിതീയ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം

കൗമാരകാലഘട്ടത്തിൽ നേടുന്ന വിദ്യാഭ്യാസമാണ് ദ്വിതീയ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം (Secondary Education).

വിദ്യാഭ്യാസരീതികളുടെ വർഗീകരണം

Mode of Education.

1. ഔപചാരിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം - Formal education,
2. അനൗപചാരിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം - Non-formal education,
3. Informal education.